Refine Search
Sort by
$350,000
2 Beds 2 Baths 2530697 MLS SOLD Status
Welcome to Sans Souci, a charming townhome-style community known for its gated courtyard, lush landscaping, water features, walking paths, and community pool. With its private patio and detached 2-car garage, this well-maintained condo offers a comfortable layout that lives more like a single-family home. Inside, you’ll find updates throughout, including newer laminate flooring, refreshed interior paint, an updated primary bathroom, updated electrical panel, new water heater, and a newer roof for added peace of mind. The functional floorplan features spacious living and dining areas, an eat-in kitchen, and French doors that open to a private enclosed patio, perfect for relaxing or entertaining outdoors. Upstairs, the spacious primary bedroom offers dual closets and access to the updated bath. The beautifully maintained community grounds feel like an extension of your own backyard, offering walking paths, open green spaces, picnic areas, and a gazebo to enjoy throughout the year. Conveniently located near TCC, shopping, dining, parks, JBLM, and Highway 16, this home offers easy access to everyday amenities while still feeling tucked away within one of Tacoma’s most unique condo communities.

5959 S 12th Unit #130, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of COMPASS. Selling Office: eXp Realty.

$429,950
3 Beds 1 Baths 2530798 MLS ACTIVE Status
Tacoma classic. Fully updated 2,114 sq ft 1 story home with basement near Wapato Lake. Living room boasts: Hardwood flooring, fantastic natural lighting, fire place & white millwork. Kitchen offers fresh white cabinetry, gray quartz counter tops, full subway tile backsplash & stainless steel appliances. 2 bedrooms on the main floor and 1 bedroom on the lower level + bonus room. Basement is freshly painted with newly installed lighting, it’s a great hobby space, has storage galore and access to attached garage.. Home exterior is hardy plank concrete fiber siding for easy maintenance and longevity. Relax in the fully fenced private back yard with oversized concrete patio, garden space, large shed & gated access to alley. Minutes to I-5, lake, walking trails, mall, schools, restaurants, JBLM & more. Schedule your showing now.

6831 S Yakima Avenue, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Skyline Properties, Inc..

$425,000
3 Beds 1 Baths 2530824 MLS SOLD Status
Step into this thoughtfully updated single-level home offering 3 bedrooms and a spacious open concept layout that feels larger than its footprint. The fully fenced property includes a detached approx. 350 sq ft structure that has endless opportunities, with the ability to convert it back into a garage. Take a look at the photos near the end using virtual staging to show different ways this space could be used! Inside, you’ll find granite countertops, updated flooring, stainless steel appliances such as refrigerator, range/oven, microwave and dishwasher. Beautiful barn doors in the hallway add character while maximizing functionality for the laundry and linen spaces. The yard is fully fenced with lush green grass, room for parking, big toy play set and an additional storage shed. Comfortable, functional, and move in ready! Roof was replaced in 2022. Some Photos are virtually staged for decoration inspiration.

6621 S Pine Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of PropertiesNW of Gig Harbor Ltd. Selling Office: Best Choice Realty LLC.

$430,000
2 Beds 1 Baths 2528354 MLS SOLD Status
Hide out in your very own modern treehouse! Every room & view has picture windows gazing out to a variety of dense foliage and blossoming bushes, doubling as additional privacy. New carpet in the bedrooms, LVP throughout, natural, earth toned cabinetry, invigorated lighting and on-trend interior color scheme, every inch of this home has been refined with a nod to tradition. Lounge in the sizeable living room, nestle next to your stone surround, wood-burning fireplace or cool off in the chill of your heat pump on a hot summer's day. Meal prep or gather in your limitless kitchen, which features gas cooktop, matching appliances and a separate coffee bar/buffet space with storage. Work from home, work out at home or even host additional guests utilizing the extravagant space of the utility/bonus room, which is sized similarly to the bedrooms. Enjoy all 4 seasons on the private, covered deck where you can keep watch over garden boxes, patio pad & backyard shenanigans. Rose bushes, lilacs, blueberries, wildflowers and shade plants frame the property and there's always something is season. With the detached, 2 car garage just a few steps off the back deck, you'll never have to scrape ice, compete for a parking spot or drag groceries through a rainstorm again- plus there's additional space even after you park! Not only is this home value-packed but it offers unbeatable access to I-5, City Center, JBLM, mall, waterfront, ferries and just about any amenity you might yearn for.

3711 S Cushman Avenue, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of COMPASS. Selling Office: John L. Scott, Inc..

$525,000
3 Beds 2 Baths 2529425 MLS SOLD Status
This is the kind of home buyers hope comes on the market near Tacoma’s bustling 6th Ave District — a 1912 Craftsman with bright rooms, tall ceilings, great energy, and the right updates already in place. Hardwood and fir floors add warmth throughout, while the kitchen keeps things clean and functional with quartz counters with an abundance of cabinets, gas cooking, stainless appliances and a pantry included. A main-floor office, updated 3/4 bath, and laundry room add flexibility for everyday living. Upper level features all three bedrooms on the same floor, and an updated primary bath including a soaking tub. Great spaces for room to spread out without wasted square footage. And unlike many homes in this price range, the space here feels bright, connected, and fully usable — all above ground living, no basement to mess with! Out back, a large deck overlooks the fully fenced yard, raised garden beds, plus alley access and one of the property’s standout features: a rare 720 sqft two-car garage that is dry, clean & solid. Ideal for parking, storage, projects, bikes, tools, or all the things people actually need space for. Just blocks to UPS, neighborhood restaurants, coffee shops, and parks. Fully inspected and Home Warranty included for new owner!

3111 S 8th Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of RE/MAX Northwest. Selling Office: Windermere Abode.

$475,000
4 Beds 2 Baths 2530261 MLS SOLD Status
Welcome home to this beautifully updated 4-bedroom, 1.75-bath home with potential to convert back to 5 bedrooms. Featuring an open-concept floor plan and upgrades throughout, including updated bathrooms, kitchen cabinetry, granite countertops, stainless steel appliances, and a spacious kitchen island perfect for entertaining. Large primary suite with attached bath, attached garage, and oversized lot offer both comfort and functionality. Projector conveys for ultimate movie nights. Tucked away on a quiet dead-end street surrounded by trees with no through traffic or noise pollution, yet incredibly convenient with freeway access just 10 minutes away for both northbound and southbound commutes. Enjoy newly paved sidewalks and a built-in lit and paved walking trail just steps from the front door, plus a 10-minute walk to a convenience store. Close to local pubs in about 6 minutes, Downtown Tacoma in about 10 minutes, Ruston in about 15 minutes, and Point Defiance in about 25 minutes away.

2101 E 60th Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Real Broker LLC. Selling Office: eXp Realty.

$420,000
4 Beds 1 Baths 2528922 MLS SOLD Status
Rare opportunity to own a cosmetic fixer with endless potential! Situated on a half-acre and featuring two tax parcels, this 4 bedroom, 1 bath home offers space, flexibility, and opportunity all in one. The living room features vaulted ceilings, a large picture window, and tons of natural light, creating a bright and inviting space. The primary bedroom also offers vaulted ceilings, skylights, and direct backyard access. The expansive lot provides room to grow, play, or create your dream outdoor space. The second parcel already includes an existing 1-bedroom septic system, opening the door for possible ADU potential, multigenerational living, or future investment opportunities. Hard-to-find properties like this don’t come along often! Whether you’re looking for a project to restore, extra space, income potential, or future possibilities, this property is packed with opportunity and ready for its next chapter. Some photos virtually staged.

11710 & 11708 Vickery Avenue E, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of RE/MAX Northwest. Selling Office: Realty One Group Turn Key.

$390,000
2 Beds 3 Baths 2528781 MLS ACTIVE Status
City Views. Modern Comfort. Prime Tacoma Living. Welcome to 2107 Tacoma Ct, where sweeping city views and elevated modern living come together in one exceptional townhouse. Tucked inside a quiet, desirable enclave, this home offers an open, light-filled layout, a sleek chef-inspired kitchen with stainless steel appliances, and a warm fireside living room perfectly positioned to capture stunning downtown views. The lower-level features 2 spacious bedrooms, including a peaceful primary suite with a private ¾ bath. An attached garage and generous storage add everyday convenience, while the location puts you minutes from I-5, parks, shopping, and Tacoma’s vibrant dining scene. This is more than a townhouse; it’s a lifestyle with skyline sunsets waiting for you every night.

2107 Tacoma Court, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of KW Greater Seattle.

$725,000
2524983 MLS ACTIVE Status
Excellent opportunity to own a versatile duplex in a convenient Tacoma location. Each unit offers 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms with functional layouts designed for comfort and flexibility. Spacious living rooms flow into bright kitchens with adjoining dining areas. Dedicated laundry rooms add convenience, while attached garages provide additional storage and parking options. The large yard offers plenty of outdoor space. Positioned near major highways and JBLM, this property provides an easy commute to surrounding areas while remaining close to everyday amenities. Enjoy quick access to parks, golf courses, shopping centers, dining, and local services. Whether expanding a real estate portfolio or seeking a property with strong long-term potential, this duplex combines location, layout, and functionality in one appealing package. A rare chance to secure a multi-unit property in an established area with convenient access to everything Tacoma has to offer.

13620 13622 14th Avenue S, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Redfin.

$549,500
4 Beds 3 Baths 2529942 MLS SOLD Status
Pride of ownership shines throughout this beautifully maintained 4-bedroom, 3-bath home! Welcoming vaulted ceilings and abundant natural light create an inviting feel from the moment you enter. The spacious kitchen features new countertops, updated appliances, ample cabinetry, a large pantry, and an adjoining dining area perfect for everyday living and entertaining. Recent updates also include new flooring and a new roof, offering both style and peace of mind.Step outside to enjoy the expansive back deck and enclosed gazebo, creating the perfect space for relaxing or hosting guests. The fully fenced backyard is thoughtfully landscaped front and back, and the 10’ x 11’ outbuilding provides excellent additional storage space. Conveniently located near shopping, parks, and everyday amenities!

313 E 52nd Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Crescent Realty powered by KW. Selling Office: Jason Mitchell Real Estate WA.

$424,950
4 Beds 1 Baths 2530019 MLS PENDING Status
Welcome home to this beautifully renovated 4-bedroom residence in the heart of Tacoma — you can simply unpack and enjoy. This is not a cosmetic flip; this is a top-to-bottom transformation with all the big-ticket items already done for you. Step inside and immediately notice the fresh, open feel created by brand-new flooring throughout the main living areas and plush new carpeting in the bedrooms. The new kitchen features all-new cabinetry, countertops, and fixtures — ready for everything from weeknight dinners to weekend entertaining. The full bathroom has been entirely redone with modern finishes that feel crisp and clean. Outside, the curb appeal is just as impressive. New siding and a new roof give this home lasting protection and a fresh, polished look that stands out on the block. The fully fenced yard is your private retreat — perfect for pets, gardening, or evening get-togethers. And the detached 2-car garage offers abundant covered parking plus room for a workshop, storage, or hobby space. Fresh interior paint throughout ties every room together with a bright, welcoming palette. Whether you're a first-time buyer or looking to right-size, this move-in-ready home checks every box. Don't miss your opportunity to own a fully updated home at this price in Tacoma.

238 North Lane, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Parkside Realty, LLC.

$450,000
3 Beds 2 Baths 2527852 MLS SOLD Status
Tucked away on a quiet cul-de-sac this well-maintained rambler is set back from the street, offering the perfect balance of privacy and convenience. Buy with confidence knowing major system updates have been completed: HVAC system with central A/C and new hot water tank both installed in 2015. Brand new roof and tall-seat toilets were installed in the last 2 years. Kitchen has a pass-thru to a very large eating area, with slider out to the patio and backyard. Primary features a walk-in shower with safety rails and pull down shower head. All of the bedrooms have oversized windows and generous closets. Primary bedroom includes double closets, offering generous storage and functionality. Fully fenced property provides a spacious outdoor setting enhanced by a Rain Bird in-ground sprinkler system for easier landscape maintenance. In the beautifully landscaped backyard you’ll find a newer storage shed and mature shrubs and trees that provide shade and privacy. Don't miss the oversized garage with workbench and sturdy shelving that stays.

862 136th Street Ct E, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of John L. Scott, Inc. Selling Office: John L. Scott R.E. Lake Tapps.

$699,995
3 Beds 3 Baths 2518735 MLS ACTIVE Status
Nestled on 1.25 acres of lush, private greenery, bring your horses or start your own hobby farm. This fully remodeled 3-bedroom + huge den, 2.5-bath retreat gives you the peaceful rural lifestyle you’ve been dreaming of without sacrificing convenience. Just minutes from downtown Puyallup and major shopping, you truly get the best of both worlds. Outside, there’s room for RV parking on the side of the house and plenty of space to bring your imagination to everything you could do with the rest of the property. Inside, no detail was overlooked. Wide-plank engineered hardwood flows throughout the home, complemented by quartz countertops and beautiful Norwegian Rose Herringbone Mosaic marble tile in the bathrooms, luxury rarely found at this price. Soft-close cabinetry adds to the elevated feel, while the spacious primary suite features soaring vaulted ceilings and a large walk-in closet you can customize to your exact vision. The major upgrades are already done new roof, siding, electrical, plumbing, and water heater so you can move in with complete peace of mind. And if you’re thinking bigger, the large bonus room with its own separate entrance offers excellent potential as an ADU, guest suite, home office, or whatever your needs demand. 1 year home warranty provided to buyer through APHW.

7003 44th Avenue E, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of eXp Realty.

$330,000
1 Beds 1 Baths 2525504 MLS SOLD Status
Welcome to Reverie at The Marcato, where stylish downtown living meets everyday convenience in the heart of Tacoma! This rare ground-floor corner unit is packed with natural light thanks to its desirable end-unit location, creating a bright and airy feel throughout the home. Conveniently located on the ground floor, you’ll love the easy access and seamless indoor-outdoor living that comes with the oversized private patio, perfect for your morning coffee, hosting friends, or soaking up warm summer evenings. Inside, the open-concept layout was designed for modern living with granite countertops, stainless steel appliances, a breakfast bar, and a spacious pantry featuring custom organizers and pullouts. The generous primary suite offers dual California Closets, while the beautifully designed office creates the ultimate work-from-home setup. Stylish upgrades include engineered hardwood floors, plush carpet, recessed LED lighting, and high-end remote-control blinds. And the location? It truly doesn’t get much better. You’re just moments from Downtown Tacoma favorites, including restaurants, local hospitals, light rail, the YMCA, McMenamins Elks Temple, and the iconic Tacoma Dome. Plus, enjoy luxury community amenities including secure garage parking, private storage, a fitness center, theater room, resident lounge, recreation space, outdoor BBQ courtyard, and ultra-quiet concrete construction. This is easy, vibrant urban living at its best!

1501 Tacoma Avenue S Unit #111, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Windermere Abode. Selling Office: Rain Town Realty + JPAR.

$755,000
4 Beds 2 Baths 2527328 MLS SOLD Status
Beautifully maintained single-story home on two parcels totaling 1.38 acres in the Franklin Pierce School District offering space, flexibility, and incredible garage/shop potential. Built in 1964, this 2,096 sq ft Mid Century home features 4 bedrooms plus a possible 5th bedroom, 1.75 bathrooms, and a functional layout ideal for multi-generational living, hobbies, or home business needs. The home features durable “thick butt” cedar siding. Primary bedroom features a slider to a private porch leading to the garage. The property includes a heated detached 2-car garage with 1/2 bath AND an additional detached 3-car garage/shop with kitchen area built in 1988, providing abundant covered parking and workspace. Comes with separate slab for RV parking and includes a dump. Yes, that's two garages with extra shop, storage and work spaces. Plus a cute shed for storage or play. Interior and system upgrades include upgraded vinyl windows, upgraded furnace system, and a 30 year architectural shingle roof that is only one year old. A covered back patio overlooks evergreen trees, a firepit area and the expansive grassy lawn offering privacy and room to enjoy outdoor living. Property is in great condition; Owner is selling AS IS and prefers to do no work. Showings by appointment only, please.

3512 104th Street E, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Collison Realty LLC. Selling Office: KW Greater Seattle.

$760,000
4 Beds 2 Baths 2528376 MLS ACTIVE Status
LOCATION • LOCATION • LOCATION! Exceptional Proctor District/North End opportunity in one of Tacoma’s most sought-after neighborhoods! Just a short stroll to the heart of Proctor where you’ll enjoy parks, schools, shopping, dining, the popular Proctor Farmers Market and all the wonderful community events this vibrant neighborhood is known for. Don’t be fooled — this home is surprisingly spacious, beautifully updated, and move-in ready! The main level features a classic, oversized living room anchored by a cozy fireplace and warm hardwood floors, creating an inviting space for relaxing or entertaining. The updated kitchen opens to the dining area for easy everyday living. Two bedrooms and a full bath complete the main floor. Upstairs offers two additional bedrooms with flexibility. The lower level provides even more living space with a large bonus room plus an additional flex room ideal for a home office, rec room, workout space, or creative studio. Unfinished lower-level space includes laundry and utility area with extra storage potential. Outside, enjoy the level and private backyard featuring a new paver patio and a sweet oversized detached garage. Well maintained, full of charm, and truly turn-key — this is North End living at its best!

4144 N 30th Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Redfin.

$785,000
2528502 MLS PENDING INSPECTION Status
Excellent investment opportunity in Tacoma’s sought-after North End! This well-maintained 4-unit property at 1102 N Sheridan Ave offers a strong 6.5% cap rate with significant upside and pride of ownership throughout. Numerous improvements have already been completed, helping reduce future maintenance concerns while enhancing tenant appeal. Located in a premier location close to shopping, dining, parks, waterfront amenities, and commuter routes, this property combines stable income potential with long-term appreciation opportunity. Whether you’re expanding your portfolio or completing a 1031 exchange, this is a rare chance to own a turn-key multifamily asset in one of Tacoma’s most desirable neighborhoods.

1102 N Sheridan Avenue, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of ANB Homes.

$445,000
3 Beds 1 Baths 2527637 MLS SOLD Status
Perched on the hill in sought-after East Tacoma, this beautifully updated 4-bedroom home offers stunning mountain views, stylish finishes, and comfortable living in a well-established neighborhood. Inside, you’ll find 1,275 square feet of thoughtfully refreshed space with a bright, welcoming feel and an easy-flow layout perfect for everyday living and entertaining. The fully updated interior blends modern touches with warmth and functionality. Step outside to enjoy charming garden areas, a covered carport, and outdoor spaces ready for relaxing, planting, or gathering with friends. Conveniently located near parks, shopping, dining, and commuter routes, this move-in ready home combines scenic living with everyday convenience.Garage was converted to 4 th bedroom, but can be changed back to garage as all materials are in tact.

1025 E 53rd Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of RE/MAX Honors. Selling Office: eXp Realty.

$1,062,000
3 Beds 3 Baths 2526664 MLS SOLD Status
Stunning Craftsman home, ideally situated in Tacoma's highly sought-after North End. It beautifully blends timeless character with thoughtful modern updates. A welcoming covered front porch leads into an impressive main level featuring an expansive open-concept layout — a rare find in homes of this era. The beautifully updated, light and bright kitchen offers quartz countertops, a gas range, a pantry, and two wine refrigerators, creating the perfect space for everyday living and entertaining alike. Upstairs, three spacious bedrooms are served by two full baths, including a generously sized primary suite with original fir floors and an ensuite bath featuring a classic clawfoot tub. Recent improvements include a new furnace and hot water tank, offering added comfort and peace of mind. The fully finished basement provides endless flexibility for additional living space, recreation, guests, or a home office. Outside, enjoy a lovely fully fenced yard perfect for entertaining, gardening, or relaxing in privacy. It includes a detached garage for off street parking and storage. A truly rare opportunity in one of Tacoma’s most desirable neighborhoods.

1529 N Prospect Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Redfin. Selling Office: Windermere Prof Partners.

$475,000
3 Beds 1 Baths 2526857 MLS SOLD Status
Classic 1940's Tacoma charm meets timeless cottage character in this inviting 3-bedroom, 1-bathroom home with subtle Colonial Revival influence. Warm, finished hardwood floors flow throughout the main level creating a grounded and welcoming feel from the moment you step inside. The chef’s kitchen is a standout, featuring generous workspace, quartz counters, oversized upper cabinets, and subway tile backsplash. The charming corner windows pull in natural light and give the heart of the home an airy, elevated feel. The layout offers comfortable everyday living with vintage character, thoughtful updates, and room to grow. The unfinished 7-foot basement provides excellent storage and future potential, whether you’re dreaming of a workshop, utility space, or long-term expansion. At the back of the property, a finished 440 sf rec. room adds flexible space for movie nights, hobbies, play, fitness, or a home office. The large backyard framed by mature landscaping, giving the property a private, established feel that is hard to replicate. A 2-car garage adds everyday convenience with room for parking, storage, and gear. Full of character, light, and possibility, this Tacoma Colonial offers the kind of classic neighborhood charm that feels both rooted and ready for its next chapter.

110 S 62nd Street, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Keller Williams Realty PS. Selling Office: Windermere Prof Partners.

$2,495,000
2525374 MLS ACTIVE Status
PRIME MULTI-FAMILY WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT SITE. 12 YEAR exemption from the statewide rental cap. Outside the Tacoma Landlord Fairness Code area. 98 units ready for permitting. Zero market rate units under construction in this market. Development opportunity in Tacoma's South End comprising two parcels totaling 173,922 SF (±3.99 acres) with approximately 126,023 SF (±2.89 acres) of net developable area. The eastern portion along the Clover Creek corridor is preserved as a natural tree conservation buffer. Zoned NCOR , the site supports multi-family residential construction up to 45 feet in height. A 25% parking reduction has been secured through Transit-Proximity and Affordable Housing incentives, bringing the requirement down from 147 to 111 stalls and meaningfully improving project economics. The approved plan accommodates two multi-story buildings of up to four floors, served by a single driveway access off A Street, surface parking throughout, and an on-site stormwater infiltration system. Building B includes a ground-floor leasing office, mail room, and elevator; Building A includes an elevator niche in the south wing. All major utilities are accessible at the site via Parkland Light & Water (water and power), Pierce County (sewer), Puget Sound Energy (gas), and CenturyLink/Comcast (telecom and cable). The site falls within the Franklin Pierce School District #402 and is served by Central Pierce Fire & Rescue. buyer to verify all information to their satisfaction.

13617 A Street S, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Parkside Realty, LLC.

$1,370,000
4 Beds 5 Baths 2518117 MLS ACTIVE Status
Private gated estate featuring an income-producing ADU, 2,000 sq ft heated shop with RV doors and car lift, and resort-style outdoor entertaining on nearly an acre. Tucked at the end of a private cul-de-sac in a quiet, park-like community, this 5,107 sq ft property delivers the space, privacy, and versatility that rarely come together in one home. Step inside to a grand vaulted entry, oak hardwoods, and striking Tiger Maple cabinetry, with a floor plan designed for both daily living and hosting. The home offers 4 bedrooms and 4.5 baths plus a dedicated theater, exercise room, and an oversized bonus room ready for game nights, work-from-home, or multi-generational living. The fully detached ADU adds exceptional flexibility for guests, extended living, or rental potential (buyer to verify). Outdoors, enjoy a true backyard destination with a cabana and wet bar, gas fire pit, and expansive paver patio, all framed by a lush greenbelt that creates a natural perimeter for privacy and peaceful views. Fruit trees and a greenhouse add to the estate feel and provide space to garden and gather. For the hobbyist, collector, or anyone needing serious workspace, the heated shop is a standout with RV-height doors, a car lift, and room to store, build, and create. Move-in ready with new carpets and the scale to personalize over time. Schedule your private showing today and experience the setting, amenities, and functionality in person.

15827 33rd Avenue Ct E, Tacoma

Listing courtesy of Redfin.

Based on information submitted to the MLS GRID as of . All data is obtained from various sources and may not have been verified by broker or MLS GRID. Supplied Open House Information is subject to change without notice. All information should be independently reviewed and verified for accuracy. Properties may or may not be listed by the office/agent presenting the information.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers’ personal noncommercial use, and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.